To Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill Similarities and...

A Time to Kill and To Kill a Mockingbird both have a number of similarities to be compared and contrasted. Both stories can be compared in their themes about justice and racial prejudice. However, this is where the similarities end. The themes and ideas in both novels are vastly different in shape and scope. In A Time to Kill justice is the main theme and most of the ideas are focused on justice and the gray in between the lines of black and white set by the law, racial prejudice is also touched upon very frequently in the comparisons between Jake Brigance and Carl Lee Hailey and how he wouldnt even have had to face trial if he was a white man. In To Kill a Mockingbird justice is a theme which is not expanded upon or explained in nearly†¦show more content†¦To Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill also have some rather large differences. Even though they both feature the trial of a black man betrayed by justice they end in a rather different fashion. To Kill a Mockingbird se es Tom Robinson shot to death while attempting to escape prison after he decides that theres no way hell ever see a fair trial. A Time to Kill ends rather differently considering Carl Lee Hailey gets off without any consequences due to his being declared not guilty by reason of insanity. The startling difference in the outcomes of each trial changes the message of these stories. To Kill a Mockingbird becomes a tragic story about the death of a man without a chance; while A Time to Kill is a, mildly, happier film about a man who seeks and finds justice and is pronounced innocent by a jury of his peers. The stories intertwine with each other in an innumerable amount of ways yet at other times seem to completely contradict the others message. A great similarity to point out between the stories would be that they are both about a man who seeks justice for crimes he was accused of. However, these stories have enough in common with each other only to warrant a short comparison as they have a greater amount of themes and ideas not in common with each other. A Time to Kill is told from the perspective of a lawyer rather than theShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Similarities Between To Kill A Mockingbird And A Time To Kill702 Words   |  3 PagesComparison/Contrast of To Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill The films To Kill a Mockingbird and A Time to Kill are easily comparable. From the titles to the actual contents, it is not difficult to understand why one would see them as similar. However, there are as many differences as there are similarities within the movies. I will be discussing and describing both the similarities and differences between the films. To begin, there is one extremely prominent similarity that is immediately noticeable:Read MoreKill A Mockingbird And The Secret Life Of Bees1711 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird and The Secret Life of Bees By: Pawanpreet Mundi Every novel in the English literature has similarities and differences to another. The comparison between the novels is judged from topics such as the setting, laws, characters and daily living. The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee has many similarities and differences with the novel, The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd. Both novels are comparative as the characters in the books, their relationships and communityRead MoreSimilarities Between the Scottsboro Boys and Tom Robinson Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many similarities between the Scottsboro trial and the trial of Tom Robinson in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. â€Å"No crime in American history—let alone a crime that never occurred—produced as many trials, convictions, reversals, and retrials as did an alleged gang rape of two white girls by nine black teenagers on a Southern railroad freight run on March 25, 1931† (Linder 1). The author of To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, w as a young girl during the Scottsboro trial and based theRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Analysis1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Setting on Themes and Events in To Kill A Mockingbird Vs. A Time to Kill A setting is used in literature to highlight the major themes and also shape the events of the narration. Though set in different time periods, the settings of To Kill a Mockingbird by Lee Harper and A Time to Kill by Joel Schumacher serves to reinforce various themes that highlight various aspects of American history. Racial segregation and issues associated with it such as the lifestyle of the Southern stateRead MoreSimilarities Between To Kill a Mocking Birds and the Scottsboro and Tom Robinson Trial1045 Words   |  5 Pagesprejudice is clear and is a key factor throughout both cases, which took place in the same time period. Both trials are very common when it came to the time period, the time the trials have taken place in, those who were persecuted and lastly, why they were persecuted in the first place. â€Å"All blacks were liars, and always was not to be trusted was a major part of all of these trails† was the thought during this time. Someone that was white was bel ieved no matter what when it came to a black mans wordRead MoreComparison on the Movie and the Book To Kill a Mockingbird Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesAs most everyone knows, there are differences between a book and it’s movie adaptation. This is applicable to the book and it’s movie counterpart To Kill a Mockingbird, as well. But aside from the differences, there are also similarities between these two. The similarities are quite apparent, the movie plot mainly follows the basic plot that the book took, leaving the viewer’s with a sense of accomplishment, as this is sometimes not achieved in the highest degree. Scout still has a brother, JemRead MoreSimilarities Between To Kill A Mockingbird And To Kill A Mockingbird936 Words   |  4 Pagesthis point of view. To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee was published in 1960 and is recognized as a timeless classic in American literature. Since the book was published, it has inspired many people to write stories and direct movies similar to this classic. A story containing many similarities is A Time To Kill, a 1988 novel written by John Grisham, and a 1996 movie directed by Joel Schumacher. John Grisham stated that To Kill A Mockingbird greatly influenced A Time To Kill. Although some importantRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1577 Words   |  7 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird: To Kill a Mockingbird revolves around the time period of the 1930’s in the Southern part of the United States. The protagonist of this story is Scout, a tomboy, who narrates the story from her perspective when she is older. (She was part of this story herself from ages 6-9). The first many chapters of the book is about Scout’s life in school, and how she grows up in her neighborhood streets. She spends her days with her father, Atticus Finch. The main topic and climax ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Mockingbird 1556 Words   |  7 PagesSeminar Notes (Remember to say According to the text, or The author says, or On page ____ the author states) 1) Who are the mockingbirds? How do they fulfill this role? The mockingbirds are people that are innocent and don t do anything but be nice. The mockingbird people are Dill, Dolphus Raymond, and Tom Robinson. If we go to page 191 I will explain why Dill is a mockingbird. Dill feels lonely he tries to have a family, he even said it. The author states: â€Å"They buy me everything I want, but it sRead MoreFoils in To Kill a Mocking Bird 1703 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of placing somewhat similar, yet mostly opposing characters side-by-side is also undoubtedly presented in the book To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Lee does an incredible job of creating these opposing characters for Jam and Scout to encounter, so that they can learn what is right and wrong, and so that they could go from innocence to experience.) (In To Kill a Mockingbird, three foils are very highly valued in the children’s transition from their state of innocence to their state of experience;

Medi A Powerful Tool Of Communication - 1409 Words

Essay Media, being the most powerful tool of communication there is, influence societies in many ways. In fact the hypodermic needle theory states that passive audiences are directly influenced by media. On the other hand, from a Marxist perspective, one can argue the opposite that it is the audiences who influence the information which is produced via the media. In this essay this group assessed and contrasted the media of three countries namely Singapore, Jamaica and Bolivia in relation to their respective economy, society, values and political system. These three countries differ gravely in terms of their cultures, norms economic activities, religions and even social ills etc and yet despite these differences, they all share one thing in common- media coverage. In addition, each country has rules and regulations geared towards the protection of journalists although sometimes such are not enforced fully. Bolivia is named after Venezuelan-born liberator Simon Bolivar and boarders with five countries namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Peru. Bolivar is unique in that it has two capital - La Paz (administrative) and Sucre (constitutional). With a population of an estimated population of over 10 million people in this South American country, there are nearly 200 privately owned television stations, more than 480 radio stations, eight (8) national newspapers as well as many local ones. Of the various forms of media, radio is the most important source of news andShow MoreRelatedSharon Draper Is A Writer And An Educator1375 Words   |  6 Pagesshe thought was a friend betray her. While Melody’s confrontation in Mr. Dimmings’ class—â€Å"Why did you leave me?†) is highly unrealistic when considering the realities of a fifth grade classroom, it’s Melody’s strength in that moment that makes it powerful; it’s the fact that she faces a n adversity that anyone could face and that her strength is not a result of her disability that makes that moment inspirational (289). She is a strong person with a disability as opposed to being a strong person becauseRead MoreCorrelation Between Mass Media And Digital Media Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesConvergence is a term used by various disciplines to ‘describe and analyse processes of change toward uniformity or union’ (p. 1) as said by Latzer (2013). In relation to mass communication, media convergence incorporates insights and methods to describe, characterises and understanding of digital media (Latzer, 2013). Convergence adequately describes the relationship between mass media and digital media. Mass media refers to ability to communicate openly and internationally to many receivers withinRead MoreImpact of Radio Advertisements on Buying Behavoiur of Customer1875 Words   |  8 PagesMEDI-CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (Affiliated to D.A.V.V, Indore) SYNOPSIS OF MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT â€Å"THE IMPACT OF RADIO ADVERTISEMENTS ON BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF URBAN CUSTOMERS† GUIDED BY : SUBMITTED BY: Dr. DEEPAK TALWAR VISHAL CHAWLA [PhD, Assistant Professor] MITM MBA III-SEM, MITM Read MoreEmployee Remuneration13571 Words   |  55 Pagessubjective opinion. †¢ Job requirements: Jobs are graded according to the relative skill responsibility and job conditions required. †¢ Trade unions bargaining power: Trade unions do affect the rate of wages. Generally the stronger and more powerful trade union, higher the wages. †¢ Productivity: Productivity is another criterion and is measured in terms of output man-hour. It is not due to labour efforts alone. 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These are:(i) (ii) (iii) Information and Communications Technology; Biotechnology; and Bio-resources Research and Development. This policy recognizes the tremendous challenges and opportunities offered Nigerians by these three. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the bedrock for nationalRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 Pages(2005, p.170), divides student’s activities into work and play. The former involving in study, thinking and production, while the latter deals with entertainment, relaxation or self satisfaction. He further says that high school student use mass communication more as play than as learning, more for pleasure and entertainment than for information and serious work. this view by saying that one constant criticism of television, mobile phone and computer in swat (in over all Pakistan) is its focus on entertainment

Impact of Leadership and Motivation- Free-Samples for Students

Question: What are the Impact of Leadership and Motivation on Empowering Staff of the Organization Beat. Answer: Introduction The aim of this assignment is to understand how leadership and motivation impacts in empowering the staff of the organization. The organization chosen for this particular assignment is BEAT UK. Efficient leadership and good management is the need of every organization. Without proper leadership and management no organization can deliver qualitative services to the people (Argyres et al, 2013). This is all the more important in the sector of healthcare as users have specific needs. In order to provide good and proper services to the users BEAT too is trying to improve the staff by implementing efficient leadership and motivation. BEAT (Beating Eating Disorders), is a charity and company which is limited by guarantee and it is nationally registered in the UK. Beat is committed to providing help to those people who suffer from or are affected by several types of eating disorders. BEAT celebrated its 25th year of service in 2014. Directory of help finder, conferences, information and groups that render support online, training and helpline services are provided by BEAT at present times. Two charities Anorexic Aid and Anorexic Family Aid joined together and formed the Eating Disorders Association (EDA) in 1989. A third charity by the name of The Society for the Advancement into the Research of Anorexia (SARA) united with EDA through uninterrupted progression and improvement. The name Beating Eating Disorders (BEAT) was adopted by the charity as through which it will be known in 2007. The name EDA is the formally registered name of the charity and it remained the same till date. Leadership styles and motivation affect the work attitudes and behavior of the employees in the place of their work. The management of BEAT through leadership tries to empower its staff. BEAT constantly keeps its staff motivated. The structure of organization of BEAT contains the points mentioned below: The Board of Trustees: For all the charity work that is done by BEAT is looked after by the Trustees because they are the ones who are accountable for them. The activities that are undertaken by the charity are performed by the Trustees as they have the complete authority to do so. Thus, the members of the Board are known as The Board of Trustees. It is collectively responsibility of The Board of Trustees to take care of the daily business functions and work at BEAT. Senior positions are given to about 5 member of the Board. The Treasurer, the Chair, and the Vice-Chair are the three senior officials in The Board of Trustees currently. In order for BEAT to achieve the goals of the organization most of the responsibilities are delegated to the Chair. The Chair looks into the matter so that effective plans can be made for the charitable works undertaken and proper strategies can be implemented. The Chair is held responsible for developing and keeping cordial relationships at it supports the Chief Executive to do the same with the Board. The role of the spokesperson for all the work that is related to the charity be it generating funds from outside, gaining support and so on is played the Chair (Laschinger et al, 2015). The Vice-Chair is also known as the senior alternate Trustee. The main work and responsibility of the senior alternate Trustee is to provide the management with advice and support which are new and are substitutes of the existing ones. Organizing meetings and holding them is also another task of the Vice-Chair. All the finances and the administration of the organization BEAT is taken care of by the Treasurer. The Treasures is the head of the Finance Committee. The accounts and other facets of finance are reviewed 6 times within a year at BEAT and this is also looked after by the Treasurer so that risks can be forecasted and managed. The Finance Director is supported and given advice by the Trustee. The Sub-Committees of the Board: The Board passes over some tasks and obligations to the sub-committees. The sub-committees follow the order of the Board and carries on with their job of fulfilling those tasks and obligations. Every single day the sub-committees are required to make reports and hand them over to the Board and formally present those reports relating to their work on Board meetings (Dong et al, 2015). The Human Resource Committees and the Finance Committee make up the sub-committees at BEAT, currently. At any point of time the responsibilities of the sub-committees can be stopped and changes by the Board. The Senior Management Team: A Senior Management Team is always appointed by the Chief Executive. In order to complete and fulfill the obligation of the charity the Board appoints the Chief Executive. (Lorinkova et al, 2013). Thus, the Senior Management Team is elected for further division and delegation of the duties. External Affairs and Services, Fundraising and Directors of Finance make up the Senior Management Team at BEAT. Through recruitment and selection procedure of BEAT, the candidates who are elected in the Senior Management Team get approval from The Board of Trustees. Members: The Articles of Association are different for every organization. The Articles of Association of BEAT allows the supporters of the company to become its Members. Attending general meetings and electing the trustees are done by the members. Every single trustee is also the member of the company. A General Meeting is held once a year and the Trustees are elected then. There is not much gap in the time span of holding of the Board Meetings and the General Meetings. (Alfes et al, 2015 Literature Review Introduction In this literature review, the literary sources that have relevance with the selected variables of the study have been analyzed. In order to progress with the report in a proper manner, it is important that a clear comprehension regarding the interrelation of the variables is attained. This will ensure that with accurate understanding and organized method is applied by the one who is preparing this report to give suitable recommendations (Amundsen et al, 2014). Hence, in this review, the literatures describing the variables have been included along with the theories relating to leadership and motivation. The further progression of the study will be channelized with the help from this review. The concept and definition of leadership Leadership is considered to be a crucial ingredient for achieving efficiency in business operations. Leadership and the various perceptions about it always affect organizations and the work that is done by them. Similarly in the healthcare sector also leadership happens to be very important (Fong et al, 2015). Inefficient leadership can cause degradation in the quality of performance of the staff. The process through which individual attitudes and behavior of can be influenced by the leader can be defined as leadership. Over the years, many researchers and theorists have been trying to differentiate between management and leadership. There are seven models of leadership. Apart from the models of leadership the other factor that impacts the empowerment of the staff is the leaders personality. It is very important for the leaders to maintain good relationship with the subordinates so that an environment of trust is created and maintained within an organization. The concept and definition of motivation Motivation alone can be the driving force that can make an employee to act and achieve the desired goals and objectives. According to Montana (Montana et al, 1993, p.21), Motivation is the process of mobilizing a persons actions in order to fulfill a need or success of a desired target. Jansen defined motivation in a more comprehensive manner. He defined it as the degree to which an employee needs to perform well in his work in order to achieve an internal (intrinsic) satisfaction (Janssen et al, 1999). Researchers have given ample importance to motivation as a part of the theory of human resource (Zhang et al, 2014, Luoh et al, 2014; van Scheers et al 2014). In recent years, motivation has made an appearance in the healthcare sector. The ability to provide proper services to the users is highly dependent on the extent to which the staff is motivated. If they are not motivated then it will impact their overall performance. The workers have to deal with complex issues and problems at work regularly. In spite of that it is their duty to promote the well being of the users in a professional manner. Correlations between motivation and the productivity of the employees have been found out. Autonomy, communication, time and also complexity are some of the variables that impact the motivation of the employees. Apart from the above mentioned factors working conditions also impact the motivation of the employees. Thus it can be said that highly motivated staffs are empowered staffs. The theories of leadership There are several theories of leadership and they are trait theory, behavioral theories, contingency theories, charismatic leadership theory, transactional leadership theory and transformational leadership. Trait Theory- This particular theory focuses on the characteristics and traits of the leaders, which ultimately lead to the effectiveness of their leadership. The trait theory also states that traits vary from person to person (Muoz-Pascual et al, 2017). There can never be a common set of traits for all. This theory fails to define examples of failure brought about by leadership. It can be said that on the basis of traits a leader may not always be successful in helping and motivating his subordinates. Behavioral Theories- These theories emphasize particular behaviors of the leaders that make their leadership successful. Their behaviors can be people oriented, democratic, laissez-faire or authoritarian. The behavioral style that is preferred can be different according to the situations (McEvily et al, 2014). This theory has overlooked factors like environment and situation in which behaviors are expressed. Contingency Theory- this theory states that the leadership is only effective when interplay of behaviors, traits and situational factors of a leader is achieved. Fred Fiedler Contingency Model, Hersey- Blanchard Situational Model, Path-Goal Model and Vroom-Yetton Model are some of the models under this theory (Schwarz et al, 2016). Charismatic Leadership Theory- According to this theory the exceptional qualities of the charismatic leaders are what people look up to. They connect with the leaders goals and ideals. In this case with his charismatic personality he or she influences people. Transactional theory- This theory is states that leadership is based on rewards and punishments that are dependent on the performance of the subordinates. This theory is applied in businesses as it is outcome oriented (Conrad et al, 2015). Transformational Theory- This theory states that leaders are able to foster change through their personality and vision. Intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, idealized influence and consideration for others are what the transformational leadership is made of. The theories of motivation Maslows theory of motivation, Hertzberg's motivator-hygiene theory are some of the theories of motivation. Maslows Theory of Motivation- This theory states that there is hierarchy in needs. When lower needs are met a tendency to fulfill the higher needs arises. This theory also states that higher needs do not crop up until and unless the present needs of the person are fulfilled (Mitrofan et al, 2017). Hertzberg's Motivator-hygiene Theory- The motivating factors are growth, advancement, work, recognition, achievement and work. The hygiene factors are salary, company policy, work conditions, supervision and relationship with others (Senz-Royo et al, 2015). This theory states that the above mentioned factors impact the motivation of the employees Statement of Recommendation with Rational The following are the recommendations through which problems related to empowering staff can be solved: Lenient boundaries should be set for employees. The problems and issues of the employees should be listened. An organization should have faith in its employees. Certain mistakes of the employees should be forgiven. The efforts and the good work of the employees should be acknowledged and appreciated. Opportunities of further growth should be provided to the employees. Trust and faith of the employees should be won by the organization. Employees should be given time. Employees should be questioned from time to time. Ego of the ones in management should be set aside while dealing with the employees. If the above mentioned recommendations are implemented then BEAT can empower its employees effectively. Conclusion Leadership and motivation are key factors that are important because they impact empowerment of the staff (Palus et al, 2013). In this report through an executive summary, a literature review and recommendations, how empowerment of staff can be achieved by implementing leadership and also by motivating them has been discussed. The organization BEAT adopted the transactional and transformational theories of leadership. Over the years, a lot of importance has been given to leadership and motivation in the sector of health and this has been discussed in this assignment very well. References: Alfes, K., Bailey, C., Conway, E. and Monks, K., 2015. The joint effect of high involvement work practices and empowering leadership behavior on employees wellbeing: a moderated mediation model. Amundsen, S. and Martinsen, .L., 2014. Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), pp.487-511. Argyres, N. and Zenger, T.R., 2013. 12. Dynamics of organizational structure.Handbook of Economic Organization: Integrating Economic and Organization Theory, p.210. Conrad, D., Ghosh, A. and Isaacson, M., 2015. Employee motivation factors: A comparative study of the perceptions between physicians and physician leaders.International Journal of Public Leadership,11(2), pp.92-106. Dong, Y., Liao, H., Chuang, A., Zhou, J. and Campbell, E.M., 2015. Fostering employee service creativity: Joint effects of customer empowering behaviors and supervisory empowering leadership.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(5), p.1364. Fong, K.H. and Snape, E., 2015. Empowering Leadership, Psychological Empowerment and Employee Outcomes: Testing a Multi?level Mediating Model.British Journal of Management,26(1), pp.126-138. Janssen PPM, De Jonge J, Bakker AB. Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout, and turnover intentions: a study among nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing.1999;296(6):13609 Laschinger, H.K.S. and Fida, R., 2015. Linking nurses perceptions of patient care quality to job satisfaction: the role of authentic leadership and empowering professional practice environments.Journal of Nursing Administration,45(5), pp.276-283. Lorinkova, N.M., Pearsall, M.J. and Sims, H.P., 2013. Examining the differential longitudinal performance of directive versus empowering leadership in teams.Academy of Management Journal,56(2), pp.573-596. Luoh, H.F., Tsaur, S.H. and Tang, Y.Y., 2014. Empowering employees: job standardization and innovative behavior.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(7), pp.1100-1117. McEvily, B., Soda, G. and Tortoriello, M., 2014. More formally: Rediscovering the missing link between formal organization and informal social structure.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.299-345. Mitrofan, O., Ford, T., Byford, S., Nicholls, D., Petkova, H., Kelly, J. and Edwards, E., 2017. Care experiences of young people with eating disorders and their parents: a qualitative study.The Lancet,389, p.S70. Montana P, Charnov B.2nd Edition 1993. Management Muoz-Pascual, L., Muoz-Pascual, L., Galende, J. and Galende, J., 2017. The impact of knowledge and motivation management on creativity: Employees of innovative Spanish companies.Employee Relations,39(5), pp.732-752. Palus, S., Brodka, P. and Kazienko, P., 2013. Evaluation of organization structure based on email interactions. InGovernance, Communication, and Innovation in a Knowledge Intensive Society(pp. 117-127). IGI Global. Senz-Royo, C., Gracia-Lzaro, C. and Moreno, Y., 2015. The role of the organization structure in the diffusion of innovations.PloS one,10(5), p.e0126076. Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Cooper, B. and Eva, N., 2016. Servant Leadership and Follower Job Performance: The Mediating Effect of Public Service Motivation.Public Administration,94(4), pp.1025-1041. Solomon, A.W. and Steyn, R., 2017. The relationship between subordinate cultural identity, leader cultural intelligence and empowering and directive leadership.Journal of Contemporary Management,14(1), pp.119-155. van Scheers, L. and Botha, J., 2014. Analysing relationship between employee job satisfaction and motivation.Journal of Business and Retail Management Research,9(1). Zhang, X. and Zhou, J., 2014. Empowering leadership, uncertainty avoidance, trust, and employee creativity: Interaction effects and a mediating mechanism.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,124(2), pp.150-164.

Kamil Mustafa Essays - Kashmir Earthquake, Government Of Pakistan

Kamil Mustafa House # 166, Street # 3, Fateh Town, Okara . 56300 Pakistan. Mobile: +923320605085 Kamilmustafa2214 @gmail.com Objective Geologis t po sition in the field of Geology . Talent ed graduate ready to start my career in geology. C ommitted to cont inuous training, development and would like to eventual ly progress to management level. P ersonal details Date of Birth : 03 March 1993. Nationality : Pakistani. Religion : Muslim. Marital Status : Single. Passport Number. : DC0870671 Summary Ge ology internship for WAPDA at NJHP. QC Supervisor work experience for Descon Engineering at New Khanki Barrage. Two weeks Geological Field Training Camp. Magna Cum Laude graduate with BS in Applied Geology. Three months Arc GIS course. Education Bachelor of Science in Applied Geology , 2011- 2015 University Of Azad Jammu Kashmir, Muzaffarabad , Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Graduated Magna Cum Laude with a GPA of 3. 4 6 on a 4.0 scale Courses included: Petroleum Geology Petrology Geochemistry Engineering Geology Geotechnical Engineering Stratigraphy Geophysics Mineralogy Geohydrology Well Logging Seismology Sedimentation Experience Internship , June 2014 Neelum Jhelum Hydroelectric Power Project, Muzaffarabad . D escon Engineering, QC Supervisor , February 2016-June 2016 . New Khanki Barrage, Wazirabad . K EY S KILLS A ND A BILITIES Strong work ethic and high performance standards I am able to learn and understand tasks quickly while performing under pressure, both independently and as part of a team. I have an excellent work ethic and have demonstrated clear attention to detail. Technical and mechanical skills Aligning, cutting, measuring, orientating samples Geotechnical testing Geological mapping Report writing Software knowledge GIS Microsoft Word and Excel Language skills Urdu English Hindko * Punjabi* *Speaking and listening command only. Activities General Secretary, Punjab Student Council UAJK , 2014-2015. Member, Geological Society UAJK , 2015 -Present . Playing Football, Intercollegiate Football Champion with University team. R EFERENCES References will be provided on demand.

Free Essays on Gang Activity

Gangs Activity Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today’s cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Mone y is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that he/she could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than he/she spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang’s perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang e... Free Essays on Gang Activity Free Essays on Gang Activity Gangs Activity Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today’s cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Mone y is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that he/she could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than he/she spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang’s perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang e...

French Expressions Using Donner

French Expressions Using Donner The French verb donner literally means to give and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to sound the alarm, devote oneself, show signs of weakness, and more with this list of expressions with donner. Possible Meanings of Donner to giveto attack, go into actionto awardto be on (TV, radio)to deal (cards)to grant (permission)to hand in (homework)to hold (a party, dance)to make a donationto put on (a play, show)to show (a movie)to yield, produce (fruit, juice)(familiar) to grass/squeal/fink on Expressions with Donner donner __ ans quelquunto give someone __ years, to guess that someone is __donner fondto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner manger/boire quelquunto give someone something to eat/drinkdonner pleinto be on full-blast (radio, TV)donner quelquun penser/croire/comprendre queto suggest that, to make someone think/believe/understand thatdonner rireto give cause for laughterdonner au nord/sudto face north/southdonner contreto run intodonner dans  - (people) to tend toward; to enjoy, be into  - (architecture) to lead intodonner dans le panneau (informal)to fall right into the trapdonner dans une embuscade/un pià ¨geto fall into an ambush/a trapdonner de lappà ©tit quelquunto give someone an appetitedonner de la tà ªte/du front contre quelque choseto hit ones head against somethingdonner des signes de faiblesseto show signs of weaknessdonner de soi-mà ªme/de sa personneto give of oneselfdonner de soi-mà ªme pourto devote oneself todonner du cor(hunting) to sound the horndonne r du fil retordre quelquunto give someone a lot of work or troubledonner faim/froid quelquunto make someone feel hungry/colddonner la chair de poule quelquunto give someone goose bumpsdonner la charge contre quelquunto charge at someonedonner la communion to give communion todonner lalarme/lalerteto sound the alarmdonner la mal de mer quelquunto make someone seasickdonner lassaut quelquunto attack someonedonner le changeto alleviate suspiciondonner le change quelquunto put someone off the scent/trackdonner le feu vert to give the green light, the go-aheaddonner le la (music)to set the tonedonner le ton/la note(music) to set the tonedonner le vertige quelquunto make someone feel dizzydonner lexempleto set an exampledonner lheure quelquunto tell someone the timedonner lordre quelquun de infinitiveto order someone to verbdonner quelque chose ( a business)to take something in (to a business - mechanic, tailor, etc.) to be repaireddonner quelque chose faire quelquunto give someone something to dodonner quelque chose quelquun par testamentto bequeath something to someonedonner quelque chose pour/contre quelque choseto trade, exchange, swapdonner raison quelquunto prove someone right, to side with someonedonner sa langue au chatto give up (trying to guess)donner sa placeto give up ones seatdonner son amitià © quelquunto offer ones friendship to someonedonner son coeur quelquunto give ones heart to someonedonner son corps la scienceto donate ones body to sciencedonner son sangto donate blood, to shed blooddonner surto look out over/onto; to open onto; to overlookdonner tort quelquunto blame someone, to disagree with someone, to prove wrongdonner tout son temps to devote all ones time todonner un baiser quelquunto give someone a kissdonner un coup de balai/chiffonto sweep/dust quicklydonner un coup de fil quelquun (informal)to give someone a calldonner un coup de main quelquun (informal)to give someone a hand, help someone outdonner un coup de piedto kickdonner une fessà ©eto spankdonner une fà ªteto throw a partydonner une gifleto slapdonner un fait pour certainto present a fact as a certaintyen donner quelquun pour son argentto give someone his moneys worthne pas savoir oà ¹ donner de la tà ªteto not know which way to turnne rien donnerto have no effectAvec lui, cest donnant donnant. He never does anything for nothing.Ça donne  ! (familiar)Its cool! Brilliant!Cela donne chaud/soifIt makes you (feel) hot/thirsty.Cela donne des maux de tà ªteIt gives you a headache.Cela va te donner des forcesIt will give you strength.Cest toi de donnerits your dealCest ce quon ma donnà © entendreThats what I was led to believe, given to understanddonnant donnantfairs fairdonnà © cest donnà ©a gift is a giftà ©tant donnà ©given thatIl nest pas donnà © tout le monde de... Not everyone in the world is lucky enough to...Je donnerais beaucoup pour savoirId give a lot to knowJe me donnerais des coups  !I could kick myself!Je te le donne en cent/mille (informal)Youll never guess (in a million years)!...nest pas donnà © tout le monde.Not everyone is gifted with...On donne quelquun/quelque chose pour...He/It is said to be...On lui donnerait le bon Dieu sans confession.He looks as if butter wouldnt melt in his mouth, He looks totally innocent.On ne lui donne pas dà ¢ge .You cant tell how old he is. Le soleil donne en plein.The sun is beating down.Les sondages le donnent en tà ªte.The polls put him in the lead.un donneur / une donneusegiver, (card) dealer, donor; (familiar) informant, narc Se Donner The pronominal French verb  se  donner  literally means to give oneself or to give to each other and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to give ones all, act like, find the means, and more with this list of expressions with  se  donner.se  donner  ___  jours/mois  pour...to give oneself ___ days/months to...se  donner  to devote oneself tose  donner   fond  dans  quelque  choseto give ones all to somethingse donner bonne conscienceto affect a clear conscience, ease ones consciencese  donner  comme  but/mission/objectif  de... to make it ones aim/mission/objective to...se  donner de  grands  airsto give oneself airsse  donner des airs deto act likese  donner le temps de  faireto give oneself time to dose  donner  les  moyens  de  faireto find the means to dose donner un maà ®tre/prà ©sidentto choose a master/presidentse  donner du malto take great troublese  donner de la peineto take great painsse  donner des  baisersto kiss one anotherse  donner des coupsto exchange blowsse  donner du  bon  tempsto have a good/whale of a timese  donner le motto pass the word onse  donner le nom/titre  deto call oneself by the name/title ofse  donner pourto claim/profess to be; to make oneself out to bese donner pour but/mission/objectif/tà ¢che  de... to make it ones aim/mission/objective/task to...se  donner  rendez-vousto arrange to meet, make an appointmentse donner une contenanceto pretend to be composedse  donner  une  importance  quon  na  pasto act as if one is important when s/he isntse  donner  une  nouvelle  imageto give oneself a new imagesen  donner  (informal)to have the time of ones lifesen  donner   cÅ“ur  joieto enjoy oneself to the full, to have a field dayDonner conjugations

Ethics in Accounting and Corporate Accounting Scandals Research Paper

Ethics in Accounting and Corporate Accounting Scandals - Research Paper Example The suggested course of action by the companies is also recommended in order to prevent unethical practices that lead to corporate scandals and eventual bankruptcy of the organizations. Introduction The accounting practices are based on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Apart from the rule base practices, the importance of principle based practices have emerged in the field of accounting. This is due to the corporate scandals that have occurred over the years. These corporate scandals establish a link with the unethical practices in accounting. In different countries, the accounting practices are guided by different laws like the tax law in Germany, accounting law in Sweden, company law in USA, etc. The unethical practices in accounting have not only resulted into bankruptcy of the companies but also eroded the wealth of the investors. International Financial Reporting Standards, Sarbanes-Oxley Act have been implemented in order to prevent the unethical accounting practic es and subsequent corporate scandals. ... The accountability is much greater as compared to the compensation received for their role in accounting domain. The most important part of accounting is the code of ethics that is to be followed as a professional in this field. This leads to the concept of ethics in accounting (Duska, Duska and  Ragatz, 2011). Accounting ethics is a part of applied ethics which relates to the moral values and judgments that are applied in the role of accounting. The concept of accounting ethics was first introduced by Luca Pacioli, an Italian mathematician which was later endorsed by the government departments and even the private organizations. The training modules conducted by the companies while training the accountants and auditors include accounting ethics as an integral part. The wide range of accounting services and the news on the fall of big corporate houses like Enron have triggered an importance of following code of ethics in accounting field. Due to fraudulent accounting practices, mal -intention on the part of accountants, auditors and the management, the profession of accountants and the subjects of accounting have been badly criticized. Also the losses incurred by the companies due to unethical practices in accounting field have blown out of proportions (McPhail and  Walters, 2009). In order to avoid the similar devaluation of companies and bankruptcy in future, the institutions irrespective of government and private entities have stressed on the importance of accounting ethics and proper implementation of ethical practices by their accounting departments. The lack of ethical accounting leads to fraudulent accounting practices in the companies which may be due to manipulated or

Finland's school success what Americans keep Ignoring Article

Finland's school success what Americans keep Ignoring - Article Example However, some of the best campuses are private owned, and they are profit making institutions. They charge high costs for tuition and can only be afforded by the select few in the country (The Atlantic). Unlike American system of education that focuses on standardized tests, Finland has only one exceptional exam; the National Matriculation Exam, which is the equivalent of a high school test,. Although pupils and students in Finland are given report cards, the teachers base the performance on individual assessments. The Finland teachers are trained to evaluate the performance of the pupils and students at independent and personal perspective. The Government only confirms the progress of the students by carrying out periodic tests with few groups of the teachers (The Atlantic). The American education policy rests on the theme of the competition (The Atlantic). This is not the case with Finland. The institutions in Finland are merited according to how well they cooperate with other and not in regard to their competitive advantage. The country does not list the best of the best in curriculum performance. The approach to giving quality education t its residents, all students from whichever backgrounds are treated equal. All the pupils are awarded free meals, health care and personalized guidance. What the Americans keep ignoring from the success of Finland schools is that they are using the wrong approach to improve the level of education. The Americans need to look at equity in providing education, award less homework and more creativity tests, stop the competitive attitude and foster cooperation and evaluate performance of the students from an independent view. The Americans have not yet adopted the Finland system since they are focusing issues that are just the opposite of what Finland supports such as private sector involvement and competition. A similar state

Homer - The Odyssey Essay Example for Free

Homer The Odyssey Essay It is surprising that Odysseus, a master of stratagems, can also be reckless and impulsive? Throughout the Epic, The Odyssey, Odysseus is determined to be a survivor and return to Ithaca with a status appropriate to his own sense of excellence. Odysseus is not going to make any suicidal heroic stands on the battle field and refuses to compromise a very narrow sense of integrity. On the contrary, he is ready to use any stratagem to get home. Odysseus lies, accepts insults, disguises himself, represses his emotions and even conceals his true identity in order to get through his journey. Odysseus is impulsive and reckless. The Epic, is only the story it is due to Odysseus being a character of impulse and recklessness. He creates opportunities for events and challenges and also the opportunity to return home as a heroic icon. Odysseus was surely a master of stratagems. Cunning, strong, skillful, courageous and patient. The King of Ithaca, leader of his people. He was both these things before he departed for Troy. Although he was a great king, admirable, and resourceful, at times Odysseus was also reckless and often acted impulsively. The roles of being a hero and a leader were always implied. In a search for glory and glamour Odysseus sought out danger, mocked death and ways prepared to accept an honorable death. He also risked the lives of his men. This was most evident in the Cyclopes saga, where Odysseus persisted in entering and remaining in the cave despite the pleas of his men to take what they could before the giant returned. He chose to be too greedy, because of his actions six of his men died. Odysseus could not resist the temptation of boasting to Polyohemus who had blinded the Cyclops, again despite the pleas of his men. Not knowing what he was playing around with, not just his life but the lives of his crew as any one of those boulders could have struck the vessels and destroyed the lot of them. Later, Eurylochus was to refer to this episode with the Cyclops when he virtually attempted suicide by resisting Odysseus plan to take the whole crew back to Circes palace. Why are you looking for trouble going to Circes palace, where she will turn you into pigs? We have had all this before, with the Cyclops, when our friends found their way into his fold with this foolhardy Odysseus. It was the mans reckless folly that cost them their lives(Homer 1991, book 10, line 430) There was a lack of trust between Odysseus and his crew at times. Odysseus lack of leadership and recklessness was clearly pointed out on the island of thrinacle. The crew broke their oath and disobeyed Odysseus commands about eating the cattle of Hyperion. This incident underlined their weaknesses and Odysseus iron will and self control-but also showed the limitations of his leadership. On the other hand, there is evidence of care and concern by Odysseus for his crew. He was a man of stratagems but at times acted purely on impulse which resulted in consequences that only made himself look reckless. A man who clearly had the ability to lead by example, as a king and military leader, he had the inspiration, confidence and loyalty. This is seen throughout the text many times. On his journey, though, circumstances were somewhat different, the individualism and egotism of the hero as well as his failure to communicate effectively on several occasions created distrust. A man of tremendous courage, although he made those impulsive decisions he did care for his crew. Without Odysseus being this character there would be no story, and The Epic probably would not exist today. This man was chosen to be a king and a leader of a crew for a reason. He may have gotten a little caught up in the glamour and glory at times, however he was appointed leader and king by the gods above. If the crew had been just as impulsive as their leader, and followed his commands then they to would have returned to Ithaca with their leader.

Free Essays On Shakespeares Sonnet 154 :: Sonnet essays

Analysis of Sonnet 154 The little Love-god lying once asleep Laid by his side his heart-inflaming brand, Whilst many nymphs that vow'd chaste life to keep Came tripping by; but in her maiden hand The fairest votary took up that fire Which many legions of true hearts had warm'd, And so the General of hot desire Was sleeping by a virgin hand disarm'd. This brand she quenched in a cool well by, Which from Love's fire took heat perpetual, Growing a bath and healthful remedy For men diseas'd. But, I, my mistress' thrall, Came there for cure; and this by that I prove: Love's fire heats water, water cools not love. This sonnet appears to be another version of 153 rather than one of a series. These two sonnets, two renderings of the same ides, could either prove or disprove Shakespeare's authorship. Only twice did Shakespeare rewrite any of his sonnets, both 138 and 144 appear slightly modified in _The Passionate Pilgrim_. These are evidence of Shakespeare's rewritings, but the only problem is if one is out to prove the authorship on these grounds, over-revision remains a factor; that is, Shakespeare rewrote the two sonnets changing only a few words and not the entire sonnet. These seem to be the problems with citing Shakespeaare as their author, but equally disproving him as the author. If I were to argue for Shakespeare's authorship, I would correlate "the help of bath" with being an allusion to "The Wife of Bath's Tale" in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. Shakespeare used Chaucer as a source in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_ (from "The Kinght's Tale" and "The Miller's Tale"), _Troilus and Cressida_ (from _Troilus and Criseyde) and _The Two Noble Kinsmen_ (from "The Knight's Tale"). Seeing that Shakespeare used Chaucer as a reference in the past for help, I suppose "the help of bath" could be a tribut to Chaucer and thus a possible source or allusion. But this does remain on unsubstantial grounds due to the possibility of it simply meaning a water-filled basin.

Physics Summary Sheet

Physics Glossary Electric circuit – one simple, complete conducting circuit pathway Electronic gadget – a machine that consists of multiple circuits and transducers Transducer – device that converts energy from one form to another Input transducer – converts other forms of energy (sound, light, heat) into electrical energy, e. g. microphone Output transducer – converts electrical energy into other forms of energy, e. g. peakers Processor Component – found in electronic gadgets, receives signals from input transducer and responds by operating the output transducer Transistor – device found in processors that can amplify electrical signals or act as a switch Diodes – also found in processors, allows the electric current to flow in only one direction Semi-conductor – a material whose ability to conduct electricity is somewhere between a conductor and insulator LED – a light emitting diode, which is a transistor which transforms electric current into thermal and light energy.Found in traffic lights, car lamps and indicator lights, and are sturdy, operate for a longer time and use less energy than standard lights.Integrated circuit – a usually complex circuit with many components, and is packaged into a small unit called a chip Magnetic field – is created when an electric charge moves; it is a region where a permanent experiences a magnetic force of attraction or repulsion Electromagnet – is created when a coil of wire is wrapped around a soft piece of iron when an electric current flows through the wire the magnetic field it creates causes the domains in the iron to line up, creating a strong magnet Domains – the magnetic regions the iron atoms arrange themselves into that act like tiny magnets with north and south poles Electricity – The collection of physical effects related to the force and motion of electrically charged particles, typically electrons, throug h or across matter and space Electromagnetic Gadget – A machine that consists of a coil wire wrapped around a soft piece of iron when electric current flows through the wire the magnetic field it creates causes the domains in the iron to line up, creating a strong magnet Light – Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye, it is made up of electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic Spectrum – A range of electromagnetic energy which includes light that we can see and light that we cannot see. An example of light we cannot see is radio waves Transparent – Having  the  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light  through  its substance Translucent – Permitting light to pass through but diffusing it so that persons, objects, etc. , on the opposite side are not clearly visible Opaque – Does not allow light to pass through Reflection – The  change  in  direction  of  a  wave,  such  as  aà ‚  light  or  soundwave,  away  from  a  boundary  the  wave  encounters Refraction – When light travels from one medium to another, it speeds up or slows down Our eyes: contain two different photoreceptors; rods which detect light and cones which detect colour -our eye detects primary colours with only one type of cone -secondary colours created by multiple cones ‘firing’ simultaneously. Our eyes: -contain two different photoreceptors; rods which detect light and cones which detect colour -our eye detects primary colours with only one type of cone -secondary colours created by multiple cones ‘firing’ simultaneously. Our eyes: -contain two different photoreceptors; rods which detect light and cones which detect colour -our eye detects primary colours with only one type of cone -secondary colours created by multiple cones ‘firing’ simultaneously. Our eyes: contain two different photoreceptors; rods which detect light and cones which detect colour -our eye detects primary colours with only one type of cone -secondary colours created by multiple cones ‘firing’ simultaneously. LIGHT Our eyes: -contain two different photoreceptors; rods which detect light and cones which detect colour -our eye detects primary colours with only one type of cone -secondary colours created by multiple cones ‘firing’ simultaneously Human Eye * We see images in our retinas because the fovea in the central of the retina controls the eyes sharpest vision and is the location of most colour perception, which is how we see.

Is America Shallow When it Comes to Advertising? Essay

Introduction. When a subject reads and add in a magazine, what is it that drives that person to go out and purchase the product the add depicts? What even makes a subject willing to spend more time looking at the add? It is at this point where the art of persuasion does it’s best work. Definitions. The Elaboration Likelihood Model claims that there are two paths to persuasion: the central path and the peripheral path. (lecture 2/20/03) The central path is most widely used when the receiver is motivated to think about the. If the person cares about the issue and has access to the message with minimum distractions, then that person will elaborate on the message. (lecture, 2/20/03). If the message is ambiguous but attitudinally neutral (with respect to the receiver) or if the receiver is unable or not motivated to listen to the message then the receiver will look for an easier way to interpret it. This leads to the peripheral route. Peripheral cues include such strategies as trying to associate the advocated position with things the receiver already thinks positively towards (e.g., beauty, money, sex).(lecture, 2/20/03) If the peripheral cue association is accepted here, then there may be a temporary attitude change and possibly future elaboration. Peripheral Route. The first advertisement that was chosen, from Gentleman’s Quarterly magazine, depicts a very attractive man standing in front of a bottle of cologne. The advertisement is for Polo, a brand notoriously associated with affluence, and prestige. This add illustrates the advertisers wish to catch the eye of the consumer as they are flipping the pages of the magazine using a method other then their product.. The argument in this case is weak. Polo is trying to depict that if a subject uses their new cologne, it is possible for them have a lifestyle like the model pictured. Most cologne adds, have a tab that you can open up on the same page and smell the cologne, that would cause one to elaborate on the add. This one does not, therefore, Polo was trying to get the consumer attention to a fragrance, using a beautiful person. This is clearly an example of persuasion using peripheral cues. The average age of a subject that would likely be persuaded by this add, would b e middle to late twenties, the age in which people are attempting to attain affluence. Central Route. The second advertisement that was chosen, from Sports Illustrated, is an add put out by Mercedes Benz to promote their new line of SUV’s, the M-Class.. It is very clear that Mercedes in this case was trying to promote the security aspect of their SUV’s. When a consumer sees this add, it is apparent that the central route will be used, because there is no greater motivation for thinking, then the safety of family. The ad would definatly cause the consumer to elaborate, and think about how safe the car that one is currently driving in, is. Thus, the add has done it’s job in attracting a consumer. One specific characteristic of the add that makes it persuasive, are the g-d’s in the clouds attempting to disrupt the path of the truck, as it seems to effortlessly keep on going. This clever use of history depicts that nothing can hurt those once inside this vehicle, not even g-d’s. The type of person that would most likely be persuaded by th is add would be a young father (28yrs.-40yrs.)who is in the market for a new car. This add is affective cause it gets a subject thinking, thus using the central route Conclusion. The way that consumers read and respond to advertisements as shown in this paper, is crucial to promoting a product. Whether a company uses the central or peripheral routes, to attract consumer interest, can make a huge different in sales of that product. The advertising industry is a multi-billion dollars business,(GQ, December 2002) in which creative minds develop new ideas in the art of persuasion for the next generations.

Essay on Gen Xers values impact the leadership process at work

Essay on Gen Xers values impact the leadership process at work Essay on Gen Xers values impact the leadership process at work Essay on Gen Xers values impact the leadership process at workGen Xers have the system of values based on the ideals of the respect to human rights, the struggle against corruption, abuse, discrimination, injustice and protection of human dignity and individual freedom. On the other hand, Gen Xers are looking for stability, which they want to achieve by means of the respect of human dignity and human rights and creation of fair conditions for all employees and managers to prevent corruption or discrimination (Madsen Shafritz, 2010). The leadership process at work is apparently vulnerable to the impact of basic values of Gen Xers, who still comprise a large share of the total labor force in the labor market of the US as well as other countries.The respect to human rights and human dignity determines the focus of Gen Xers leadership process on the creation of fair and equal conditions for all that implies the elimination of glass ceilings and other barriers that may arise on the way o f individuals to the leadership (Hesselbein, Goldsmith, Beckhard, 2007). Gen Xers stand for the elimination of prejudiced attitude to the leadership and leaders. Instead, they stand for equal rights and opportunities for individuals to exercise their leadership skills and abilities. For example, the elimination of glass ceiling became possible, to a significant extent, due to Gen Xers, who stand for the right of women to get access to top positions in organizations.Therefore, leaders should also take into consideration the system of values of Gen Xers and develop respective policies that can help them to gain the support o fthier subordinates. In this regard, the development of transparent, democratic policies is the best strategy for the leader heading the team or organization consisting of Gen Xers mainly because such open and transparent environment matches expectations of Gen Xers to respect human rights and create fair conditions for all employees.At the same time, Gen Xers lo ok for stability and the leadership is also a part of their pursuit of stability in their life and work. In fact, the focus of Gen Xers on stability has a dubious effect on the leadership (Brown, 2003). On the one hand, they often tend to stick to their leaders, who have once brought them to success that make their leaders confident in their support. As a result, leaders can always rely on their subordinates as long as they are capable to match their system of values. On the other hand, such a strong inclination to stability among Gen Xers can lead to negative effects in the leadership and the organizational development (Dessler, 2004). Leaders, if they stand in power for a long time, can start losing their motivation and fail to catch up with the rapidly changing business environment but the support of their subordinates helps them to stay at the leading position. In such a situation, organizations may face the problem of the widening gap between the rigidness of the leadership and its inability to confront new challenges and make a breakthrough in the organizational development, on the one hand, and the urgent need of changes and new leadership, on the other, because Gen Xers are more likely to support the leader, whom they are accustomed to and confident in and, who, as they believe, can bring stability to their organization.Thus, leaders should match basic values of Gen Xers to lead them successfully.

What Are College Prep Courses and Classes

What Are College Prep Courses and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips College prep is a confusing term because it can refer to three different things! Sometimes, calling something a college prep class is just a way to differentiate it from remedial classes on the one hand, and honors/AP classes on the other. Other times, college prep is a way of describing a bunch of government or private programs that are designed to increase access to college for those who would ordinarily be unlikely to go. And finally, college prep is a short name for high schools that place an overwhelming emphasis on getting their students into college. But don’t worry. Whether you want to read about standard high school classes, learn about programs that will make college easier, or are curious about public and private high schools that really stress college admission, you've come to the right place. #1: College Prep = Standard Core High School Curriculum Since the goal of high school is to prepare students for college, it makes sense that the classes that you take in high school are called "college prep classes." After all, the way you get ready for college is by learning what there is to learn in high school! Actually, those are books - they're for reading, not chinups. So, the first and most common definition of the term "college prep" is the core requirements of a high school education. They differ from school to school, but typically go something like this: 4 years of English 3 years of math 3 years of science 3 years of social studies In states and districts that require a high school exit exam in order to graduate, these are the subjects that this exit exam is based on. For example, Massachusetts doesn’t let students graduate unless they can pass the MCAS exam in English, math, and one science or technology subject. College Prep vs. Honors/AP vs. Remedial Classes Because "college prep" refers to the coreset of high school classes, this term has basically become the way to identify the standard class level. College Prep is the class you will take when you are not being challenged by the honors or AP version of a class, and when you are not placed into the remedial version of the class for catch-up. College Prep Classes and the Big Decision When you start planning your high school curriculum, you'll face a tough decision. Should you stick with the standard (or college prep) classes in order to have a higher GPA, or should you challenge yourself and take the Honors or AP course where you’ll probably do a little worse? The answer is: challenge yourself - within reason. Typically, you should go with the harder level class if you think you can earn a B or higher because generally,most colleges would rather see a B in an Honors or AP course than a set of straight A's in college prep classes. Straight As in all college prep courses looks like you are avoiding the challenge of honors/AP, and colleges don’t like challenge-avoidance in their applicants. Don't get trapped by the lure of easy A's! The idea is to demonstrate that you are challenging yourself, and also that you are mastering the material.Getting a B grade says â€Å"I’m just very slightly reaching past my grasp.† On the other hand, avoiding honors or AP classes where you will most likely geta C or D shows self-knowledge and mature judgment - another thing colleges tend to value. Taking too many honors and AP classes and ending up with mostly C's and D's implies that the standard classes would have been a better fit. So what should you do? Our advice is to try to take 1-2 of honors or AP courses, maybe in subjects you feel most comfortable in, or those where your strengths lie, or those you’re most interested in pursuing further. To check out the different options, check out our guides that break down each core subject progression: The high school math classesyou should take Thehigh school English classesyou should take Thehigh school science classesyou should take Thehigh school history classesyou should take #2: College Prep = Programs to Increase College Access Sometimes the term "college prep" is a way of referring to a set of programs that work to increase college access, especially for students who are least likely to enroll. These programs focus on building academic skills, handle college admissions or financial aid, involve families and mentors, and sometimes incorporate service projects. With the right support, anything is possible. Here are some examples, divided into federal, state, university, and community-based categories. The Federal TRIO Programs These programs are targeted to assist low-income, first-generation, and disabled students. Upward Bound is for students from low-income backgrounds that have inadequate secondary school preparation. Students from traditionally underrepresented groups areexposed to a simulated college experience that is rich in academic and motivational support. Students receive tutoring, counseling and individualized instruction to help get ready for college. Talent Search serves low-income, first-generation students. The program provides a range of counseling services to help students graduate from high school and earn a college degree. The Student Support Services Program (SSS) helps low-income, first-generation and disabled students attain a college degree. Support services provide students with needed help through academic advising, career counseling, mentoring, tutoring, financial aid guidance, and some financial aid. Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs (GEAR UP). GEAR UP works to increase college awareness and preparation among low-income and minority students from seventh grade through high school graduation, providing them with intensive tutoring, mentoring, college/career planning information, and sometimes also scholarships. State Programs New York, California and New Jersey'sEducational Opportunity Programs serve students who have shown potential for success in college but have not completed typical college preparatory programs in high school due to economic or personal disadvantages. New York also has thePre-Collegiate Preparation Programs which develops collaborative partnerships between colleges, schools, community organizations, parents, students, business, and government so thatstudents in New York State have every opportunity to be successful learners. California Student Opportunity and Access Program (Cal-SOAP) seeks to raise the achievement of low-income and first-generation K-12 students and provide them with the opportunity to attend higher education. Florida’s College Reach-Out Program (CROP) provides educational support to low-income, academically disadvantaged students in sixth through 12th grade by helping students develop and maintain the knowledge, skills and attitude necessary to successfully pursue and complete a college education. University Programs The University of California Early Academic Outreach Program (EAOP) is a pre-collegiate student academic development program that provides academic enrichment, entrance exams preparation, academic advising, and college knowledge. The University of Colorado's Pre-Collegiate Program is an academic enhancement program designed to motivate first-generation and underrepresented students middle and high school students to pursue higher education. Community and Nonprofit Programs Sometimes a little local support is what you need. Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) is a program to prepare mid-rank fifth to 12th grade students for college, bringing out the best in students and closing the achievement gap. The "I Have a Dream"Program helps children from low-income areas reach their education and career goals by providing a long-term program of mentoring, tutoring and enrichment with an assured opportunity for higher education. ENLACE increases opportunities for Latinos to enter and complete college. #3: College Prep = Schools Focusing on Successful College Application Finally, "college prep" can refer to a specific type of high school, where lots of focus is placed on the concept of college. These schools can be public, private, boarding, parochial, and charter schools - just as long as what they most emphasize is getting into and graduating from college. College admission - and graduation - makes the world your oyster. Here are some examples of these kinds of schools: At Gateway High School, a charter school in San Francisco, all 9th gradersvisit a college on their first day of school. At Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School in St. Louis, students earn up to 18 hours of college credit before they leave high school. At the Gary Lighthouse Charter Schools, every student researches colleges and develops a list of reach and safety schools and writes a paper outlining their plan for applying to college. In fact, students don’t earn a high school diploma if they aren’t accepted to at least one college. What’s Next? Interested in learning more aboutcollege preparatory programs in your state? The best place to start is searching NACAC'sdirectory of college access programs. Want to see how rigorous a curriculum you should go for? Check out our discussion of what makes course load challenging. Worried your GPA is too low to try for an honors or AP course? See how your numbers stack up in our good GPA/bad GPA roundup. Exploring your less-competitive college options? Learn about your options for the best colleges with low GPA requirements. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points // Free eBook: 5 Tips to 4+ Points on the ACT //

Approach to Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Approach to Care - Assignment Example However, with several studies of the disease underway, a number of methods to lessen the psychological and physical effects are available. This paper is a critical approach to breast cancer diagnosis and staging, complications, side effects of treatment and the methods to address the after treatment effects. Breast cancer is a disease that attacks the mammary glands and is common in women with a few cases in men. It is at times found after the appearance of symptoms, but on other instances early breast cancer does not show any of the symptoms (Tests & cancer, 2014). Therefore, there is need for time to time screening tests to ascertain if there is infection. The diagnostic test is carried out to establish the type of breast cancer the client suffers from before different therapies are initiated. For instance, if the patient’s cancer is positive oestrogen receptor, an endocrine therapy is adopted whereas if she has a positive HER2, a trastuzumab approach is warranted. The difference between the two is that, HER2 implies that the cancer cells have a protein facilitating their growth whereas the positive receptor oestrogen (ER-positive) breast cancer means that the cancer growth is facilitated by estrogen hormone (Nice.org.uk, 2014). In the diagnosis process, the doctor may ask the patient questions about symptoms, any other illness, and the duration of pains. The doctor will then carefully examine the breast for any lumps, the texture, and extent in comparison to the skin and may be chest muscles. In addition, any changes in breast nipples ought examination as well as the lymph nodes within the armpit and the collarbones. Such examination is necessary because the presence of firm and enlarged lymph nodes may point to a multiply of breast cancer. If the physical examination results suggest breast cancer presence, the doctor

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example The liberalized economy was responsible for creating a competitive environment which required prompt response in order to control and stabilize the sudden turbulence in the economy. It was crucial from both the perspective of organisations as well as the economy on the whole. Human resource management practices play a significant role in enhancing corporate performance (Som, 2008, p.1278). This report seeks to understand the factors which have evolved the role of the human resource departments in organisations in India, with emphasis on the labour laws in organisations. A discussion has also been provided pertaining to the system of education and training, trade unions, the system of collective bargaining and employer organisations. The project also speaks of the present trends and patterns of the human resource management practices in India. It provides a number of data and case studies of different organisations in the nation which highlights the different approaches in HRM. In thi s regard, the project also discusses the various problems and issues that organisations in the nation have been confronting with. Current patterns and trends in the approach to HRM in IndiaThe context of organisational success in India remains deeply rooted in the nation’s history and culture. The value system in society enriched with respect towards elders, the joint-family system, the trend of future savings as well as the British rule in India have impacted the development of the workplaces in India. The large agrarian society embeds the culture of hard work, labour dignity and the concept of sharing of responsibility which accounts for the key components of success of the firms in India. The nation’s democratic governance has enabled the policy makers and financial institutions for setting the foundation for the country’s success (Websu-kat, 2008, p.1). One of the most important points worth mentioning is that there have been huge investments made by the Gov ernment of the nation in the field of education and population control. Great investments coupled with assistance from the developed nations of the world have been the major factors in creating the nation’s value propositions in the international market. Together with its own set of strengths and weaknesses the nation is identified as one of the leading emerging economies in the world. It also has entered into trade relations with a number of nations in the world (Websu-kat, 2008, p.1). Few of the major determinants which make the Indian HRM different from the rest of the world are s follows: The culture in India is rooted deeply in its collective values which provides a tendency of maintaining collaboration in the place of

Black Hawk Down Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Hawk Down - Movie Review Example The world has witnessed numerous wars over the decades. No nation or nationality is ever prepared to witness the brutality and the horrors of the wars which annihilated millions of innocent lives. Each war is unique. Every bloody encounter is a reminder of a certain period or situation in human history. The Vietnam war, the Korean War, the two World Wars are all grim events that shaped the boundaries of the world map. Each war occurs at different moments for specific reasons. The significance of these unforgettable events will forever be inscribed on the annals of global chronicles. Reality television is popular. The vital factor which keeps it a crowd drawer is the actual footages being shown on the screen. But even with the reality format, its scenes are still being doubted just the same by many viewers. Real and reel details depict contrasting differences. It is maybe unfortunate but it's the truth. On-screen portrayals of human events are spiced up with interesting scenes to make the whole story favorable to the taste of the patronizing public. When the war movie "Black Hawk Down" has been launched in 2001, analysts project it to be a box-office hit. And it has been a blockbuster. People are often fascinated by war adventures based on actual events. Viewers know that factual twists are inserted into the movie. However, it is interesting to note that only a few brave ones come out and point out its missing parts. Production companies are in business to bring about the thrill and excitement of entertainment. Studio gurus are out to create a good story. Collaboration is an everyday process to transform an actual boring plot into an entertaining one. "The movie Black Hawk Down was a retelling of a true war story that happened back in 1993. The movie in itself was a great telling of war and the casualties of war. The action was realistic and acting this time like most war movies wasn't over done by the actors" (http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie.aspxm=16970&mp=ur&ipp=15). Aside from the longtime critics of the United States, the only country perhaps which is unhappy with the introduction of Black Hawk Down in the movie world is Somalia. But judging from the movie itself, the African nation may have at least a reason to celebrate. The Americans have captured a couple of chief lieutenants under Somali warlord Mohamed Aidid at a price. The death of 18 U.S. soldiers may not be a major loss on the American side but the Somalis can still enjoy that victory considering that about a thousand of its countrymen douse out cold water on an elite U.S. military team to accomplish its mission. Advanced training and sophisticated weaponry cannot do it all for the American soldiers. Instead, an impoverished and ill-armed Somali group outclasses a usually highly-motivated superpower team. "As we have seen more than once in the last ten years, the involvement of the United States in military style missions is not necessarily a guarantee of success. For all their might, bravado, and desire to put the world to rights, too often they underestimate the situation" (http://www.dvd.net.au/review.cgireview_id=1649). ACTUAL SETTING The action-packed movie is worthy of its portrayal about the true accounts of the 1993 Mogadishu encounter. To start with, the actual setting has been captured in Black Hawk Down. A hostile Somali crowd is present. U.S. soldiers are armed and suited well to the situation. Critics

Compensation Strategy In Translation

Compensation Strategy In Translation Seems its a big deal to make up the loss of idiomatic expressions in translating idioms from one language to another one. How can translators come up with this problem? Considering an English novel as the source document and its Persian translations as the target text, we mean to answer this question. Extracting idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, is the first step to start. Then we made a comparison of gathered information with their Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi for the next stage. Following compensation strategy by adding target language idioms somewhere in the translated texts by the Persian translators, is an open door to manage the idiomatic loss in their translations. This indicates that, if in any case its not possible to translate a source language idiom as an idiom in target language, the translator can compensate the loss of the idiom by adding a target language idiom to places where there initially was a non-idiom. Key words: English Idiom, Persian Translation, Translation Strategies, Compensation Strategy, Source Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL). Introduction: Translation is generally explained as a process in which the translator transfers the meaning of a SL text into TL under the circumstances of preserving the content and accuracy of original text, as far as it is possible. Where there is no equivalent for a SL idiom in the TL, the translator gets throughout compensation strategy to fill this incurred gap. The more skilled the translator is, the better will be the translation. If you are enthusiastic to this issue as we are, this is the paper you can refer to and take your answer. Theoretical Background: Translation Bell (ibid.: 6) argues that a total equivalence between a source language text and its translation is something that can never be fully achieved. According to Bassnett-McGuire (1980: 2), the aim of translation is that the meaning of the target language text is similar to that of the source language text, and that the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. In other words, the source language structure must not be imitated to such an extent that the target language text becomes ungrammatical or sounds otherwise unnatural or clumsy. Idiom: Idioms are the major and natural part of all languages as well as a prominent part of our everyday discourse. Idioms are such a normal part of our language use that we hardly even notice how vastly we use them in our everyday speech and writing. English is a language full of idioms, so, learners of English should be aware of their nature, types, and use. Using many idioms in English language is one of the aspects that makes it somehow difficult to learn for a Persian learner. They can be used in formal style and in slang. Idiom is defined as a group of words which have different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word individually (Collins Cobuild dictionary, 1990 edition). Indeed, the meaning of idiom can only be inferred through its meaning and function in context, as shown in the examples below (from Fernando, 1996). bread and butter, as in `It was a simple bread and butter issue (see further below); bless you, which is usually used in the context of cordial expressions; go to hell, which indicates that there is a conflict among interlocutors in an interpersonal contact; In sum, which indicates relations among portions and components of a text. Idioms are a set of phrases have different meaning from its individual parts of the phrases. Sometimes it is hard to recognize the meaning of a phrase just by knowing the meaning of the words including in it e.g. paint the town red is a phrase which has a meaning other than the meaning of its words separately, it means having a good time! Moon (1998, p.4) claims that idiom denotes a general term for many kinds of multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ word expressions whether semantically opaque or not. Some traditional theories of idiomaticity assumed that idioms are frozen, semantic units that are essentially non-compositional (Hambin Gibbs, 1999, p.26). However, there have been a number of semantic classification systems proposed since 1980 for rating the composition of idioms which basically give differing names to the same concepts (Grant Bauer, 2004). Fernando (as cited in Liu, 2003) developed a scale by which to categorize idiomatic expressions and habitual collocation into 3 categories: pure (nonliteral), semi literal, and literal (p.673). 1. Pure Idioms. Fernando defines pure idiom as a type of conventionalized, nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal multiword expression (Fernando, 1996, p.36). Pure idioms are always non literal, however they may be either invariable or may have little variation. In addition, idioms are said to be opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.32). For example, Let the cat out of the bag (to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident). 2. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms may have one or more literal constituents and one with nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal sub sense. Therefore, this type of idioms is considered partially opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.60). For example, middle of nowhere (a very isolated place). 3. Literal idioms. This subà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ group of idioms has limited variance. They are less complicated than two other groups. Moreover, literal idioms are considered to be clear as they can be interpreted on the basis of their components. For example Coming out (to exit; to leave the inside of a place). Translating Idioms: working with English, the translator may easily recognize if an idiom violates `truth conditions, as in `it is raining cats and dogs, `storm in a teacup, jump down someones throat, etc. It may be hard to recognize, if the idiom is not of this nature, and translators may just think of it as an ordinary expression, with the consequence of either losing its tone or losing its meaning. There are two sources which may cause misinterpretation: The first possible source is that there are idioms which can mislead readers/users; they do not sound idiomatic at all, but at a closer look, careful readers would find the hidden idioms. An example given by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is `got the axe in the following text: The manager warned me, but I didnt notice, so I got the axe. On the first look, readers may interpret it in terms of a person who took an axe and wanted to do something with it like cut a tree but at a closer look, a careful reader may find out that means to lose the job. The second source of misinterpretation occurs when the words in an idiom have equivalents in the target language (i.e. in Persian) but with totally different meaning. Another good example given by Salinger is the idiom: for the birds. Winter weather is for the birds. At first it may be understood that this sentence means winter weather is good for the birds but it makes no sense because the meaning is really different and it means worthless; undesirable. Strategies used translating idioms Idioms are culture bound and this is another challenge for the translator to transfer the exact meaning and content of SL idiom into TL idiom perfectly. For the sake of solving these difficulties the translator may apply a strategy. Using the appropriate method in this process, the translators can get over the difficulties easily and it is valuable and useful for their works. Mona Baker, in her book In Other Words (1992), defines the following strategies for translating idiomatic expressions: 1) using an idiom with the same meaning and form, 2) using an idiom with the similar meaning but different form, 3) by paraphrase, 4) by omission. (1) Translating an idiom with the same meaning and form: The first translation strategy by Mona Baker is translating TL idiom similar in its form and meaning to the SL idiom. For example: Tooth and nail ((Ø ¨ÃƒËœ Ú† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¯ Ùˆ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   (2) Translating an idiom with the similar meaning but different form: Another strategy suggested by Mona Baker is translating a SL idiom into TL idiom the same meaning but different form. In this case, the translator does not preserve the lexical items and translate as a semantic equivalent. For example: Acid tongue in her head. (Ø ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù† Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ) (3) Translation by paraphrase: The most common strategy in translation of idioms is paraphrase. Translators often cannot translate a SL idioms as a TL idiom, therefore they use the paraphrase strategy by using a word or a group of words in TL exactly related to the meaning of that idiom in SL which may be a non-idiom. Newmark (1988, p.109) says that while using this strategy not only components of sense will be missing or added, but the emotive or pragmatic impact will be reduced or lost. Still, paraphrase is usually descriptive and explanatory; sometimes it preserves the style of the original idiom as well. For example: On tenterhooks. ((Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) Translation by omission: According to Baker (1992, p.77) omission is allowed only in some cases: first, when there is no close equivalent in the target language; secondly, when it is difficult to paraphrase; finally, an idiom may be omitted for stylistic reasons. This strategy is not used very frequently. In fact, it is not approved by many scholars and some of them do not include it among other translation strategies (Veisbergs, 1989). However, sometimes its impossible to translate a SL idiom into TL, so the translator may use another strategy called compensation. In this strategy the translator omit an idiom and may put another idiom elsewhere in the TL text by preserving the effect of SL idiom. Compensation Strategy: Compensation is a strategy most definitely worth considering, while it can be used as one possible strategy for dealing with idioms and quite an effective one for compensating the loss caused by translating. Therefore, in order to preserve the idiomaticity of the original text and to avoid the mentioned loss, many translators resort to compensation in translating idioms as their final but workable strategy. That is when an idiom is not possible to be translated into TT, a translators last effort is to compensate an idiom by omitting that and putting an idiom in another place, by preserving the usage effect of idiom in the ST. Nida and Taber (1969) mention that, whereas one inevitably loses many idioms in the process of translation one also stands to gain a number of idioms (p. 106). Baker (1992) indicates that in compensation, a translator may leave out a feature such as idiomaticity where it arise in the ST and introduce it somewhere else in the TT (p. 78). In support of this idea, Newmark (1991) suggests that all puns, alliterations, rhyme, slang, metaphor and pregnant words can be compensated in translation. Though he further adds that, compensation is the procedure which in the last resort ensures that translation is possible (pp.143à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 144). Theoretical framework We agree with Lorenzo, M. et al., in that the first step a translator must take is to clearly define his objective before producing a translation which is as true as possible to the original text. One of the aspects of Hans Vermeers concept of skopos (1989:227) is the establishment of a clearly defined objective or purpose for translation; Any form of translation, including translation itself, may be understood as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. The word skopos is a technical word for the aim or purpose of translation. Nidas Dynamic Equivalence In the process of translating idioms, the translator may face many difficulties which is not a simple task to overcome. The major problem is the lack of equivalence in the process of translation. It would be desirable if a translator could find a TL idiom which is the same as that in structure and content of SL idiom. Anyway every language, both source and target, has its own idioms and it may be hard to find the precise source equivalent in the target language. The definition of dynamic equivalence is initially given by Eugene A. Nida in his book Toward a Science of the Translation (Nida, E.A., 1964:161). Nida is an American translator, scholar, teacher, leader, influencer, conceptualizer, innovator, and influential theoretician. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence deals with the message, in both form and content whereas dynamic equivalence translation is based on the principle of equivalent effect. The translator is not concerned with the source language message, but rather with the dynamic relationship. Dynamic equivalence connects the target language and culture in order to make messages comprehensible to target language receptors. For instance, if we translate a phrase like two hemorrhages apiece literally into Persian, it will produce a nonsensical meaning for the Persian receptor. Idiomatic expressions may not seem understandable when translated from one language to another. In such cases the equivalence counterpart Ø ®Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  قؠ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ can be used to make it understandable to the receptor. In this view the translator has brought an equivalent which the original author most likely meant. Method: Corpus: The study is based on a contrastive comparison between the two Persian translations of The Catcher in the Rye by Muhammad Najafi and Ahmad Karimi. In this study we tried to achieve which of these translators has followed the compensation strategy in his own translation, and whether they have been successful in this process or not. Gathering the data: Collecting the data, of course, is as important as other stages (like conclusion) and even more important. Because the more accurate the gathered data is so, the more favorable the result will be. Focusing on the process in this study, we long to explain the steps in data collecting, respectively. At the earliest step, we extracted English idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of the novel, then found their Persian equivalents from two Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi of the same novel. We aimed to know whether English idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not and whether English non-idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not. Then we read the aforementioned translated chapter by two translators several times to clarify if they may be idioms. We looked up English idioms in Idioms Oxford Dictionary, although we had difficulty in recognizing the exact idiom at first. On the other hand, as we are Persian students, it was not hard to find Persian idioms as difficult as English idioms, anyway. But on non-idioms, we considered the most English phrases or sentences which translated as idioms in TL. Maybe you ask why we chose this novel. As you know, of course, this novel is rich in idioms and it makes the work for researcher to access the idealistic results easier. Then we counted the idioms and non-idioms in both original text and its Persian translations by two translators. Table 1. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Idioms J.D. Salingers Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 44 Idiomatic 22 18 Non- Idiomatic 22 26 In this table, we calculated the total numbers of English idioms (N=44) which is translated by translators, either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. As you can see, here, Najafi translated more English idioms (N=44) into Persian idioms (N=22) than Karimi. We guess, this table will confirm our claim that Najafi has translated much more skilful than Karimi, because he got use of compensation strategy by adding more Persian idioms than Karimi. Anyway, our purpose is not to compare persons and is just to determine if there is any use of compensation strategy in each of these translations. Table 2. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Non-idioms J.D. Salingers Non-Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 42 Idiomatic 42 26 Non-Idiomatic 0 16 This table also illustrated that Najafi translated 42 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. On the other hand, Karimi translated 26 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. This table shows how Najafi and Karimi have functioned in translating non-idioms into idioms. By total non-idioms, we mean those which translated as idioms by Najafi and it will be our criteria for counting Karimis idioms and non-idioms. Table 3. Total Number of Different Data Extracted from Both Translations and the Original Text Data J.D. Salinger Najafi Karimi Idiom 44 64 44 Non-idiom 42 22 42 Total 86 86 86 This table confirms that Najafi has translated the novel more idiomatic (N=64) than Karimi (N=44). Classifying the Data: After extracting and counting the total idioms in both original text and its translations, it revealed that translators had applied 3 different translation strategies for idioms. These strategies were: Translating English Idioms into Persian Idioms Translating English Idioms into Persian Non-idioms Translating English Non-idioms into Persian Idioms Analyzing the Data: In this stage, we analyzed the whole collected data and calculated frequency and the percentage proportion of each strategy in the same translations. The results are shown in the tables below; Table 4. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 22 50 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 22 50 Total 44 100 Table 5. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 18 40.90 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 26 59.10 Total 44 100 Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 42 100 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 0 Total 42 100 Table 7. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 26 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 16 38.10 Total 42 100 Table 8. Percentage of each Applied Strategies in both Translations Strategy Najafi Karimi Translation of non-idiom with idiom 100 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 38.10 Total 100 100 Results: The results show that both translators, Najafi and Karimi, have applied three strategies in translating idioms: translating English idioms with Persian idioms, translating English idioms with Persian non-idioms, translating English non-idioms with Persian idioms, and translating English non-idioms with Persian non-idioms. One of the translators, Najafi, used more frequently the first and the third (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian idioms) strategy in his translation, on the other hand, the latter translator, Karimi, used the second and the last (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian non-idioms) strategy more often. Discussion and Conclusion: As mentioned before, its hard to translate a SL idiom into TL idiom regarding the accurateness and the faithfulness of SL into TL. In this stud, out of 44 extracted idioms from J.D. Salingers novel, 22 (50%) of the expressions have not been translated as idioms by Najafi. In the same case, Karimi has translated 18 (40.90%) of the idioms with Persian idioms and the remaining 26(59.10%) idioms have been translated non-idiomatically. This imbalance between the total number of idioms and their non-idiomatic translations causes a loss of idiomaticity in the Persian translated texts. Some of these idiomatic losses have been compensated for elsewhere in the text, since the translators have replaced some English language non-idioms with Persian idioms. By this strategy, Najafi has added 42 idioms and Karimi has added 26 idioms to their translations. We recognized that theres not the exact contrast in numbers of idioms in two languages(SL,TL), but its very common in translation. The translators were somehow successful here in compensating idiom gaps in the TL. Furthermore, they compensated those non-idiom expressions in the original context to function better on their translations. Compensation strategy is considered here as the best to translate idioms, non-idioms and figure of speech as well.